Technical support document for the nitric acid production sector. Thus if it be employed alone in the process, it will generate nitrogen besides the oxids of nitrogen. Questions of nitric acid manufacturing ask your question what are the raw materials required for the manufacture of nitric acid by ostwald process. Nitric acid is most commonly manufactured by ostwald process. Nitric acid is manufactured from ammonia and is a key chemical in the manufacture of fertilizers. Nitrations entail combining nitric and sulfuric acids to generate the nitronium ion. Industrial process economics reports about nitric acid nitric acid is a strong acid of major importance. The manufacture of nitric acid the role of platinum alloy gauzes in the ammonia oxidation process by h. As it seemed more simple to recombine nitrogen which was already fixed than to fix free nitrogen, ostwald decided to give his attention to the oxidation of. Exergy analyzing method in process integration of the nitric acid production plant 111 ln 1 2 0 p p gr t h ex t lm cons. Process flow diagram for production of nitric acid and ammonium nitrate. Economics of nitric acid production processes by intratec. Oct, 2017 nitric acid is manufactured by three methods. Nitric acid, 70% ww 7697 37 2 persistence and degradability biodegradability.
There are three stages in the production of nitric acid the oxidation of ammonia. Nitric acid concentration using the direct strong nitric process uhde process. One of the case studies is concerned with the manufacture of nitric acid and calcium ammonium nitrate at ifi, arklow. Durham summaryliianufacturing routes from benzene through phenol or cyelohexane to adipic acid are discussed as background to the consideration. The mono pressure process where the low pressure at the absorption stage leads to limitation of acid concentration and more ammonia consumption for nox abatement, for small or middle size plants, the mono pressure plants lp are often chosen, the slight increasing of operation cost is compensated by a low capex. Nitric acid is used as a reagent in nitration reactions. Nitric acid is colorless when pure but has a yellowish appearance when it is old due to the collection of nitrogen oxides. The ostwald process for the commercial production of nitric acid from ammonia and oxygen involves the following steps. The pure compound is colorless, but older samples tend to acquire a yellow cast. The ammonia oxidation process for nitric acid manufacture. Around 80grams of sodium nitrate, over 30grams of copper and 100ml of hydrochloric acid are the quantities needed. As a matter of fact, the material safety data sheet states that it has an extreme health rating of 4 which means it is a poison.
In elemental analysis by icpms, icpaes, gfaa, and flame aa, dilute nitric acid 0. The invention relates to a manufacture method for 6chlorine3aminotoluene4sulfonic acid clt acid for short in the followings. Nitric oxide is oxidized to higher soluble nitrogen oxides in the presence of air, oxygen or ozone. Click the highlighted area to reveal the next step in the process. Environment, safety, health, and quality division chapter 53 nitric acid safe handling guideline 20 may 20 slaci7300a09t010r002 2 of 2. Nitric oxide and water are formed in this process according to the main equation. Modeling and simulation of a nitric acid recovery process. Booklet nr 2 production of nitric acid by fertilizers europe.
The main industrial use of nitric acid is for the production of fertilizers. Nitric acid is a colorless to yellow liquid with a characteristic, irritating odor. A process for producing ammonium nitrate is disclosed, which process comprises exposing a gaseous oxidiser feed composed at least substantially of ammonia, steam and an oxidising gas to conditions whereby the ammonia is oxidised to produce a reaction mixture including nitrogen monoxide and water vapour. Steps involved in ostwald process ostwald process converts ammonia to nitric acid and involves two steps. Write the overall equation for the production of nitric acid by the ostwald process by combining the preceding equations water is also a product. The nitric acid leaving the absorber contains a certain amount of nox dissolved occurring a red colour of the acid. The ostwald process converts ammonia to nitric acid and involves two steps. The reaction mixture is cooled in a heat exchanger whereby the nitrogen monoxide is. About 70 percent of the nitric acid produced is consumed as an intermediate in the manufacture of. Cn101219977a clt acid production method without acid waste. Sulfuric acid is fed with weak nitric acid into a packed dehydrating column. The fertilizer industry uses weak nitric acid in the range of 50 to 65% strength and thus the high concentration above 70% weight nitric acid production process is not included. Chemically, nitric acid is made by bubbling nitrogen dioxide into water. Commercial grade nitric acid solutions are usually between 52% and 68% nitric acid.
Nitric acid oxidation design in the manufacture of adipic acid from cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone a. Alternative control techniques document nitric and adipic. The business area industrial solutions of thyssenkrupp is a world leader for. The main use of nitric acid is for the production of fertilizers.
The manufacture of nitric acid johnson matthey technology. A method for the synthesis of hydroxylamine in a laboratory scale nitric oxidehydrogen fuel cell with 3. The principal chemical produced from nitric acid is ammonium nitrate. Click the text button to show the chemical equation. The production of nitric acid takes place in 3 process steps shown by the following main equations. Another use for nitric acid is in the oxidation process for the manufacture of.
May 31, 2014 nitric acid is most commonly manufactured by ostwald process. Most of this is used in fertilizers, although a relatively small amount is used to make explosives. The composite distillation columns consist of a multistage vacuum tower and an atmospheric pressure tower half of which consists of packed bed. This reaction may give rise to some nonnegligible variations in the vapor pressure above the liquid because the nitrogen oxides produced dissolve partly or completely in the acid. In step 1, ammonia is oxidized to form nitric oxide and also nitrogen dioxide.
Nitric acid is a highly corrosive mineral acid and is commonly used as a strong oxidizing agent. Aug 30, 2014 they cover the production processes of the following products. Consequently, direct contact can result in severe burns. The resulting acid vapor is condensed to form 98 to 99 percent nitric acid. Nitric acid concentration using extractive distillation 311 figure 35. Nitric acid manufacturers, nitric acid suppliers and exporters. A method of toluene azeotropic dehydration is used in the process of manufacturing the clt acid to prepare a toluene sulfonic acid with the toluene sulfonic acid as main products. Nitric acid oxidation design in the manufacture of adipic. Design of an industrial process for the production of. In addition, the type of process batch or continuous and the uses of the products must be identified. Enhanced plant design for the production of azeotropic nitric acid 1. It is also the primary reagent used for nitration, means to the addition of a nitro group. Epa450391026 alternative control techniques document nitric and adipic acid manufacturing plants emission standards division u. This can be done by reacting hydrochloric acid, a nitrate salt and copper.
The ostwald process is a mainstay of the modern chemical industry, and it provides the main raw material for the most common type of fertilizer production. There are some processes in inorganic chemical industries where raw material itself acts as a source of energy. Dualpressure nitric acid manufacturing process 39 figure 34. Nitric acid is produced industrially through a multistep reaction process known as ostwald process. Multiply the equations so that the coefficients of the nproducts become the same as the neducts of the following line. Added by lawrie ryan on mar 19, 2008 an interactive animation showing the industrial process used to manufacture nitric acid. Table 1 contains a list of all nitric acid facilities. According to the facilitylevel bottomup inventory, there are 45 nitric acid production plants operating in 25 states with a total of 65 process units. So the objective in this approach is to generate nitrogen dioxide. Increasing demand for adipic acid to formulate nylon resins and fibers for automotive interior manufacturing is identified as a key market driver.
At a minimum, the monitoring plan shall stipulate the frequency of data acquisition. Special supplement to chemical engineering science, vol. Nitric acid is witnessing rising demand for the manufacturing of fertilizers, nylon, explosives, and a variety of industrially useful organic and inorganic compounds, including adipic acid, toluene diisocyanate tdi, and nitrobenzene. Nitric acid environment, safety, health, and quality division. In nitric acid manufacture, the acid at the outlet of the absorption tower the tower absorbs nox gases into water to produce nitric acid has the same problem. Guidance for transporting nitric acid in tanks contents 1. Commercially, nitric acid is manufactured through ostwalds process in which there is catalytic oxidation of. Local exhaust ventilation or breathing protection is required. The vacuum tower and the atmospheric pressure tower were modeled by using equilibrium stage method and nonequilibrium stage method respectively. The first step in the industrial manufacture of nitric acid involves the catalytic oxidation of ammonia according to the following balanced equation. There are 9 small businesses which own a total of 18 nitric acid facilities. Upon distillation, nitric acid in its pure form begins to boil at 78.
In this article the author outlines some of the principal features of this process, and describes in some detail the chemical reaction taking place at the platinum surface. Few of the nitric acid based compounds are unstable and are generally sued in explosives while the stable compounds are used in manufacturing of paints, dyes and pigments. In addition to the no present in the feed gas, no is also liberated during the reactive absorption process according to the following eq. Historically and practically, the ostwald process is closely associated with the haber.
Wilhelm ostwald developed the process, and he patented it in 1902. What are the uses of nitric acid on an industrial level, and. Process intensification in manufacture of nitric acid. Explanatory text and the chemical equation for each stage is shown. Booklet nr 2 production of nitric acid by fertilizers. The nitric acid production protocol provides guidance to account for, report, and verify ghg emission reductions associated with the installation and use of a nitrous oxide n 2 o emission control technology, i. Technical support document for the nitric acid production. What are the uses of nitric acid on an industrial level. Pdf process flow diagram for production of nitric acid. They cover the production processes of the following products. There are three possible subgroups of wet processes depending on the acid that is used for the acidulation.
Nitric acid which is also known as aqua fortis and spirit of niter, is a highly corrosive mineral acid. Oxidation of nitric oxide is an important part of the nitric acid manufacturing process. It is highly corrosive, strongly reactive, a powerful oxidizer and a poison. Nitric acid is both a strong acid and a strong oxidizing agent, nitric acid can dissolve most metals. Nitric acid production is that kind of process due to highly exothermic reactions involved in it.
The herein described process of manufacturing nitric acid and nitrogen oxids. Nitric acid production by the oxidation of ammonia on platinum gauzes constitutes one of the worlds major chemical industries. The reaction also forms small quantities of no, which combine with ambient oxygen to reform no2 and continue the reaction. Introduction energy is required for every process to get desired products.
He also discusses the changes that occur in the gauze leading to metal loss during operation. Ostwald process for producing nitric acid worldofchemicals. No test data on mobility of the components available. Ammonia, oxygen, water are the raw materials of nitric acid manufacturing. The purpose of this simulation was to observe the thermodynamic. A pfd of the mono highpressure process of nitric acid manufacturing is shown in fig.
The nitric acid process the foundation of the modern nitric acid process was laid by kuhlmann in 1838 when he filed a patent for the catalytic oxidation of platinum metals rev. The principal enduse of nitric acid is in the production of nitrogen fertilizers, an important source of plant nutrients. Nitric acid is a colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Nitric acid environment, safety, health, and quality. How to make nitric acid science experiments wonderhowto. Nitric acid is on the right to know hazardous substance. Then in step 2, the nitrogen dioxide that was formed is absorbed in water. The ostwald process is a chemical process used for making nitric acid hno 3. Production of nitric acid is via the ostwald process, named after german chemist wilhelm ostwald.
The amount of n2o formed during the nitric acid production process. In this process, anhydrous ammonia is oxidized to nitric oxide, in the presence of platinum or rhodium gauge catalyst at high temperature of about 500k and a. Enhanced plant design for the production of azeotropic nitric. Figure 3 process flow diagram for highstrength nitric acid production from weak nitric acid source. The global nitric acid market size was valued at usd 24. The following optimum parameters were selected for leaching studies. Understanding the 3 different nitric acid production processes. Sep 02, 2014 nitric acid is witnessing rising demand for the manufacturing of fertilizers, nylon, explosives, and a variety of industrially useful organic and inorganic compounds, including adipic acid, toluene diisocyanate tdi, and nitrobenzene. In order to eliminate the dissolved nox, the acid is strip in the bleaching column c202 by hot secondary air coming from the air compressor k102 via the ammonia superheater e102. Tccs nitric acid belongs to the group of inorganic acids.
Cn101219977a clt acid production method without acid. Nitric acid market size, share, growth industry report, 2027. Cn103328386a process for producing ammonium nitrate. This may be nitric, hydrochloric or sulphuric but this booklet is concerned only with processes using the sulphuric acid route since this is the process normally used in the production of fertilizers in europe. Nitric acid pdf msds number 2019 revised december 7, 2006. The process begins with the vaporization of ammonia at kpa and 35c using. Process basis process basis ammonia is reacted with air on platinumrhodium alloy catalysts in the oxidation section of nitric acid plants. Biochemical oxygen demand bod chemical oxygen demand cod thod water 7732 18 5 persistence and degradability not established. The plants range in size from 6,000 to 700,000 tons per. It is mainly applied in the manufacture of ammonium nitrate, used in fertilizers, but it is. A nitric acid recovery process using composite distillation columns was modeled and simulated. Nitric acid manufacturing process uses ostwald process. Entropy data, available from the steam tables, can be used to calculate the exergy consumed at turbine t2.